This paper explores the feasibility of using onshore saline aquifers in the Paraná and Espírito Santo basins in Brazil for CO₂ storage, focusing on their geological characteristics and suitability for storing emissions safely and long-term. Brazil, the largest CO₂ emitter in South America, is in the early stages of developing CCS technologies. Using data such as geological maps, well logs, and infrastructure details, the study assesses the Paraná and Espírito Santo basins in southern Brazil as potential storage sites. Saline aquifers here are considered suitable for CO₂ storage if they are more than 800m deep and have caprock layers at least 10m thick, which can prevent stored CO₂ from escaping.

The study identifies specific formations within these basins that meet these criteria, highlighting two zones in the Paraná Basin and one in the Espírito Santo Basin. The Rio Bonito Formation in the Paraná Basin, with depths up to 3900m and substantial sandstone layers, and the Mucuri Member in the Espírito Santo Basin, with caprocks of evaporites and shale, emerge as the most promising for CO₂ sequestration. The analysis also considers the proximity of these formations to existing gas and oil infrastructure, which could aid in CO₂ transport. Together, these zones provide significant potential capacity for long-term CO₂ storage in Brazil, aiding the country's transition towards net-zero emissions.

This paper presents a methodology that uses value of information (VOI) analysis to evaluate geophysical monitoring strategies for CO₂ storage projects. The approach focuses on determining the most effective timing and types of data to collect, specifically seismic and electromagnetic, to manage the risk of CO₂ leakage. By using multiple reservoir simulations and updating probabilities based on new data, the methodology aims to improve decision-making by comparing cost-effectiveness across different monitoring schedules. This analysis is particularly important for storage sites where understanding the CO₂ plume location and potential leakage is critical.

Applied to a model inspired by the Smeaheia field in Norway, the paper demonstrates how the VOI approach compares to traditional, fixed-interval monitoring plans. The methodology involves updating the model based on prior collected data, which improves accuracy and efficiency in decision-making. Through dynamic simulations, the workflow assesses how the choice of data collection timing and type affects storage security. This staged approach to data gathering is designed to enhance monitoring strategies in CO₂ storage and may be applied to other geological storage scenarios.

This paper presents a detailed study of the geological characteristics and modelling of a deep saline aquifer in the Paris Basin for potential CO₂ storage, focusing on the Grandpuits area east of Paris. The study, conducted as part of the European PilotSTRATEGY project, centres on a Jurassic oolithic carbonate ramp as the primary reservoir, capped by a continuous 120-metre-thick marly seal. Using well and seismic data, the researchers constructed a 3D geological model of this target, detailing key reservoir features, including lithology, porosity, and permeability. This model serves to capture geological heterogeneities critical for understanding CO₂ containment potential.

The model was developed with the AspenSKUA software, incorporating data from the topographic surface to the basement, and it integrates facies properties with geostatistical simulations. For instance, the team used the Sequential Indicator Simulation algorithm to map facies and the Sequential Gaussian Simulation algorithm to populate porosity data within the reservoir grid. Analyses reveal that reservoir quality varies by depth and location, with better storage potential in the southwest and west of the study area. Scenarios for porous volume were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations, supporting efficient computational processing with local grid refinements.

This paper examines the transport and injection of CO₂ under two-phase flow conditions in pipelines and wells, particularly in scenarios where CO₂ is piped into low- or moderate-pressure reservoirs. Typically, CO₂ transport occurs in a single-phase (liquid or gas) state, which has limited storage options and necessitated complex designs. The shift to two-phase flow could make CO₂ storage in low-pressure reservoirs more viable and cost-effective. However, this process introduces certain risks, including potential low temperatures, unstable flow, and issues like cavitation and water hammer, all of which can impact the stability of pipelines and wells. The study evaluates whether these risks can be managed by controlling fluid conditions within equipment limits.

Through a detailed analysis, the paper categorises reservoir types based on pressure, exploring examples like Snøhvit for high-pressure, Sleipner for moderate-pressure, and Porthos for low-pressure reservoirs. Key concerns include the impact of the Joule-Thomson effect on temperatures downstream, potential CO₂ hydrate formation, and the risk of severe slugging. Additionally, it reviews how equipment such as chokes may manage two-phase flow by providing backpressure, while considering operational constraints and the long-term adaptability of the system to handle gaseous, two-phase, and liquid CO₂ flow.

This paper investigates a method for monitoring CO₂ injection and storage in geothermal reservoirs at the Hellisheiði geothermal field in Iceland, which emits CO₂ as part of its steam production despite its reputation as a clean energy source. The study forms part of the SUCCEED project, which aims to implement a cost-effective and low-impact technique for CO₂ storage monitoring in geothermal settings. Specifically, this method leverages the injection of CO₂ into basaltic rock formations, where the gas mineralises, providing a permanent storage solution and addressing a major environmental concern associated with geothermal energy production.

The researchers conducted a time-lapse (4D) seismic-reflection survey to observe CO₂ movement in the reservoir between summer 2021 and summer 2022. For this, they used a novel electric seismic vibrator (E-Vibe) and Helically Wound Cable (HWC) Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology. These tools enable effective monitoring in volcanic environments, where conventional methods often encounter difficulties due to issues like scattering and attenuation. This innovative approach aims to improve the quality of seismic data in challenging environments and could advance geothermal energy's environmental benefits.

The paper "Status and perspectives on CCUS clusters and hubs" examines the evolution and current state of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology, particularly focusing on the development and strategic implementation of clusters and hubs. It explores the historical progression of CCUS from its inception in the 1920s to its current role as a pivotal technology for achieving net-zero emissions, emphasizing the formation of clusters and hubs as a means to enhance the scalability and economic viability of CCUS initiatives. The paper also delves into a comparative analysis of existing projects, including the Longship project in Norway, to inform future developments in China and globally.

This academic study presents a novel methodology to advance CCS deployment in Spain using a hubs and clusters approach. The paper develops a multi-criteria decision-making method to identify viable CCS sites, selecting 15 priority clusters across four regions. The methodology aims to catalyze public and political support for CCS by demonstrating its feasibility and potential impact on reducing national emissions in sectors that are hard to abate. This case study is significant as it illustrates a scalable strategy for CCS implementation in hydrocarbon-limited countries.

This paper explores the pathways for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in China, focusing on its role in achieving the country's carbon neutrality goals by 2060. It provides an in-depth analysis of the technological and logistical aspects of CCUS, examining the emission reduction potentials, cost projections, and the strategic importance of source-sink matching. The study aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of how CCUS can be effectively integrated into China's broader carbon reduction strategy, highlighting the critical factors that influence its implementation and success.

This paper discusses the strategic planning required to develop a CO₂ storage hub on the Horda Platform, offshore Norway, as part of the ALIGN-CCUS project. It emphasizes the importance of anticipating and planning for expandable storage capacity to meet future demands driven by the Paris Agreement's goals. The study outlines a roadmap for expanding annual storage capacity through the development of multiple potential storage sites. The methodology includes simulation of CO₂ storage, capacity estimates, and matching storage capacity with CO₂ supply rates from sources in Norway, Sweden, and Northern Europe. The paper provides a timeline for the utilization of these sites over the next thirty years, addressing both geological and logistical aspects of CO₂ storage hub development.

This paper discusses the background of the CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) initiatives at Sleipner and Snøhvit in Norway, highlighting their long-standing operation since 1996 and the accumulated experience in saline aquifer storage. The paper discusses the methods and techniques utilized in capturing and storing CO₂, including monitoring practices observed over the decades. By exploring the procedural framework and the operational milestones of these projects, the paper sets out to provide a comprehensive overview of the practical applications and the evolution of techniques in the CCS field.

This paper provides an in-depth geographical and sociopolitical analysis of the development of net zero industrial clusters (ICs) in the UK, focusing on their conceptualization and physical implementation. It examines the role of place-based strategies in shaping the configuration, naming, and mapping of these clusters. The study employs document analysis, stakeholder interviews, and field trips to explore the varied perceptions and operational dynamics of ICs across different regions and policy environments. It discusses the complexities and challenges in stakeholder alignment, spatial definitions, and the implications for equity and political accountability in the transition to a low-carbon economy.

This paper presents a case study on using Scotland's existing pipeline infrastructure for developing a CCS cluster. It focuses on repurposing the Feeder 10 natural gas transmission pipeline to transport CO₂ from industrial and power sectors to offshore storage sites. The study evaluates the technical feasibility, potential costs, and benefits of integrating multiple CO₂ sources for effective CCS deployment. The methodology includes analyzing geographical proximity of major emitters to the pipeline, assessing capture volumes, and exploring cost implications of connecting to the pipeline.

Examines the challenges and potential solutions for decarbonizing industrial sites outside of established clusters, termed 'dispersed sites'. Using the UK as a case study, it adopts a mixed-methods approach to analyze the distinct characteristics of these sites and assess the inadequacies of current decarbonization strategies that heavily rely on carbon capture and low-carbon hydrogen. The study proposes an expanded strategy that incorporates a broader array of abatement technologies and increased local involvement in energy planning, aiming to create a more effective and equitable transition for industries scattered across various locations.

This paper examines the potential for repurposing the Anglo-Polish Super Basin, a significant petroleum province in northwestern Europe, as a carbon storage hub. Utilizing extensive seismic, well log, core, and pressure data from petroleum exploration, the study applies play-based exploration methods to assess the carbon storage capacity of the basin's offshore areas. The research focuses on the potential of Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic reservoirs for subsurface carbon storage, aiming to extend the life of the super basin during the energy transition. Additionally, the paper addresses non-geological risks such as legacy well integrity and competition with offshore renewable energy installations.

This paper explores the development of a pipeline network to facilitate carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) from ethanol biorefineries in the Midwest to the Permian Basin in Texas. It addresses the economic viability of such infrastructure under various financing scenarios, highlighting the challenges and potential of transporting CO₂ for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes. The analysis includes cost estimation and economic assessments to determine the feasibility of pipeline construction with different levels of government and commercial financing.

Explores innovative methods to enhance geological CO₂ storage capacity in hydrocarbon reservoirs, focusing on the use of a newly-synthesized high-dryness CO₂ foam. It aims to address the limitations of CO₂ injection in oil and gas reservoirs, particularly the issues of gas channeling and low-efficient storage in late development stages. The study includes dynamic evaluation experiments to analyze various parameters affecting CO₂ storage efficiency, such as fluid production volume, rate, efficiency, pressure, and more. By examining the properties and performance of the high-dryness CO₂ foam, the paper provides insights into how this novel approach can improve oil recovery and increase CO₂ storage capacity.

Investigates CO₂ storage and sequestration in unconventional shale reservoirs, leveraging their unique properties for effective sequestration. It explores the evolving technology and methods from a mathematical modeling perspective, assessing the utility of depleted shale gas reservoirs. The study highlights the readiness of such reservoirs due to previous developments and existing infrastructure, which can facilitate CO₂ injection and storage with minimal environmental impact.

This paper explores the development of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) clusters in the Baltic Sea Region, integrating large emission sources from energy production, the cement industry, and refineries among others, across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The study focuses on the geological and regulatory feasibility of forming large CCUS clusters to leverage existing infrastructure, such as gas pipelines, and optimal geological storage sites within Latvia. It discusses the strategic implementation of CCUS to achieve carbon neutrality, including the use of CO₂ in hydrogen production and geothermal energy recovery.

This summary delves into the intricacies of cross-border CO₂ transport and sequestration between Germany and Norway, focusing on harmonizing CO₂ handling across jurisdictions. The paper explores technical, operational, and regulatory challenges and proposes solutions for international cooperation in carbon capture and storage. By using case studies and referencing ongoing projects, it provides insights into the necessary infrastructural and legislative frameworks required to facilitate such ventures effectively.

This paper presents the STRATEGY CCUS project, a comprehensive initiative focused on strategic planning for the deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in Southern and Eastern Europe from 2025 to 2050. Coordinated by BRGM (France) and comprising 17 partners, the project aims to develop realistic strategic plans and roadmaps for eight promising regions across seven countries. The project emphasizes the importance of economic, environmental, and social factors in the development of CCUS clusters, and involves local stakeholders in planning processes to ensure early participation and tailored regional strategies.

Discusses the development of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) hubs on the Gulf Coast of the United States, a region characterized by high industrial CO₂ emissions from power generation, refining, and petrochemical processing. It explores the unique opportunities for large-scale integrated CCUS projects enabled by the region's infrastructure, economic growth, and legislative incentives, particularly section 45Q of the IRS tax code. The study highlights the strategic advantage of offshore storage in simplifying land leasing and minimizing environmental and social risks.

This paper discusses the importance of wettability in CO₂ sequestration in shale formations and the prediction of this property using data-driven models. Shale wettability influences the efficiency of CO₂ structural trapping and cap rock integrity. The study aims to understand and predict the wettability of shale formations in contact with CO₂ and brine using various experimental and data-driven approaches. The challenges associated with traditional experimental methods are highlighted, leading to the exploration of data-driven models for more accurate predictions.

Explores the feasibility and performance of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) in depleted shale gas reservoirs (SGRs). It investigates the use of these reservoirs as sustainable carbon storage resources, employing a multi-stage fractured horizontal well (MSFHW) for CO₂ injection. The study utilizes numerical simulation to analyze flow modeling in SGRs, focusing on the impact of gas adsorption and stress-dependent permeability on storage efficiency. Key aspects include the methodology for injecting CO₂ into methane-saturated reservoirs, the effects of permeability variations, and the role of gas sorption in enhancing storage capacity.

This paper explores a novel approach to monitoring geological storage of CO₂, focusing on remote monitoring techniques to observe CO₂ plume migration and detect potential leaks in subsurface storage options such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, and coal beds. The primary risk addressed is leak detection, but the paper also emphasizes the necessity of monitoring plume boundaries and verifying stored volumes. The study introduces a combination of repeated seismic and electromagnetic (EM) surveys to delineate CO₂ plumes and estimate gas saturation within a saline reservoir over a 40-year period. Two scenarios are modeled: one with both seismic and EM repeated surveys, and another with only repeated EM surveys combined with baseline 3D seismic data. The results indicate that CO₂ plume monitoring is feasible through both methods, with each technique offering spatial coverage from the reservoir's base to the surface. The study also discusses the limitations of CSEM, such as low resolution and depth uncertainties, and suggests implications for monitoring oil production, hydrocarbon exploration, and freshwater aquifer identification.

This paper examines the feasibility of achieving gigatonne-scale CO₂ storage by mid-century, addressing the limitations of existing projections. It presents a geographically resolved growth model that considers geological, geographical, and techno-economic constraints to scaling up CO₂ storage. The study particularly focuses on the realistic potential of various regions, highlighting the significant role of the United States in reaching global storage targets. The methodology integrates historical data and current deployment trends to produce six scenarios, offering a more grounded perspective on future CO₂ storage capacity. The paper critically evaluates projections from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report, contrasting them with the practical challenges identified in this study.

This paper provides an in-depth review and exploration of enhancing CO₂ storage efficiency in deep saline formations (DSFs) through improved pore space utilization. It addresses common issues like formation overpressure, capillary breakthrough pressure, and injectivity impairment that affect CO₂ storage efficiency (CSE). The study introduces the Simultaneous or Alternate Aquifer Injection (SAI) method as a novel approach to optimize CO₂ storage in DSFs. By drawing parallels with the Water Alternating Gas (WAG) technique used in CO₂-EOR, the paper suggests that SAI could significantly enhance CSE. The research also identifies the need for further dynamic modeling, numerical simulations, and sensitivity analyses to support the practical implementation of the SAI method.

This paper presents a methodology that uses value of information (VOI) analysis to evaluate geophysical monitoring strategies for CO₂ storage projects. The approach focuses on determining the most effective timing and types of data to collect, specifically seismic and electromagnetic, to manage the risk of CO₂ leakage. By using multiple reservoir simulations and updating probabilities based on new data, the methodology aims to improve decision-making by comparing cost-effectiveness across different monitoring schedules. This analysis is particularly important for storage sites where understanding the CO₂ plume location and potential leakage is critical.

Applied to a model inspired by the Smeaheia field in Norway, the paper demonstrates how the VOI approach compares to traditional, fixed-interval monitoring plans. The methodology involves updating the model based on prior collected data, which improves accuracy and efficiency in decision-making. Through dynamic simulations, the workflow assesses how the choice of data collection timing and type affects storage security. This staged approach to data gathering is designed to enhance monitoring strategies in CO₂ storage and may be applied to other geological storage scenarios.

Presents a comprehensive overview of geological CO₂ sequestration in depleted oil and gas reservoirs (DOGR), highlighting the methods, experimental studies, engineering practices, and numerical modeling approaches utilized. The paper focuses on the applicability of DOGR for CO₂ storage, analyzing various trapping mechanisms, risk control measures, and the integration of experimental and numerical studies. It also discusses the challenges and knowledge gaps in the field, providing updates on current and completed CCS projects globally. The objective is to consolidate existing research and propose best practices for effective CO₂ storage in DOGR.

This paper investigates the factors influencing CO₂ sequestration in depleted shale reservoirs through an integrative approach combining data analytics and machine learning. It aims to enhance understanding by analyzing a comprehensive dataset of numerical simulations. This approach utilizes multiple machine learning models, including multiple linear regression, regression tree, bagging, random forest, and gradient boosting, to predict the effectiveness of CO₂ storage in these geological formations. The study emphasizes identifying critical reservoir and operational parameters that impact CO₂ sequestration efficacy.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms for CO₂ sequestration in saline aquifers, emphasizing the need for high-capacity carbon storage methods amid increasing atmospheric CO₂ due to industrial activities. It discusses the current state of research in structural, residual, solubility, and mineral sequestration, as well as the influence of geological conditions like caprock properties and injection rates on sequestration efficacy. The paper also calls for enhanced simulation models that consider dynamic changes in CO₂ levels and reservoir heterogeneity.

This paper reviews recent advances in carbon dioxide (CO₂) geological storage, emphasizing experimental procedures, influencing parameters, and future outlooks. It addresses the complexities of storing CO₂ in underground formations, particularly focusing on the impact of organic material on CO₂ containment security, fluid dynamics, and storage potential. The study highlights the importance of wettability in determining the efficiency of CO₂ storage, as it affects the ability of injected CO₂ to displace formation water. The review covers four main areas: CO₂ emissions and geological systems, advancements in experimental procedures in anoxic environments, the role of organics and nanomaterials in storage systems, and future research directions.

This paper discusses the critical role of Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS) in carbon management and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. It explores the key elements required for successful CO₂ storage sites, drawing parallels to petroleum systems. The paper outlines five validated methods of GCS, emphasizing their global applicability and potential. It highlights the conceptual framework of CO₂ injection into geologic traps as a form of reverse production. Additionally, the paper examines various pilot projects and demonstration efforts that validate these storage methods, with a particular focus on the vast volumetric potential of saline aquifers in sedimentary basins worldwide.

Investigates the criteria for selecting depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs for CO₂ storage, emphasizing the benefits and challenges associated with their use. It highlights the extensive data and existing infrastructure in these fields, which can result in significant cost savings and facilitate efficient characterization and permitting processes. The paper aims to establish a clear set of evaluation criteria and guidelines to streamline the screening of potential CO₂ storage sites, drawing on case studies and detailed analyses of various factors affecting the viability of depleted reservoirs.

Outlines a comprehensive strategy for CCS in Europe, addressing funding gaps, storage site development, and regulatory frameworks. It aims to enhance the implementation of CCS projects by proposing specific recommendations for funding mechanisms, storage site development, and regulatory updates. The methodology includes analyzing current CCS projects, assessing funding needs, and identifying potential storage sites. The paper also discusses the importance of coordinating efforts across EU member states and promoting a market for low-carbon products. Emphasis is placed on developing a sustainable commercial framework for CCS and integrating CCS into broader decarbonization strategies.

This paper examines the global geologic carbon storage requirements necessary to meet climate change mitigation targets, focusing on the use of logistic growth models to evaluate short-term and long-term CCS deployment. The study outlines the application of logistic growth models as a mathematical framework for stakeholders to monitor the progress and resource requirements of CCS in alignment with climate change mitigation goals. It addresses the historic rates of commercial CO₂ storage, assesses the feasibility of achieving 2100 storage targets, and discusses the implications of growth rates on long-term storage resource needs. The paper also considers trade-offs between the rates of CCS deployment and the overall storage capacity required, highlighting a maximum global discovered storage capacity needed to meet aggressive climate targets.

This study explores the impact of storage boundary and caprock morphology on carbon sequestration in saline aquifers, focusing on structural trapping where CO₂ is trapped under low-permeability layers. The research examines the effects of varying caprock shapes and boundary conditions on CO₂ migration and dissolution, using synthetic models to simulate different scenarios, including tilted and horizontal caprock configurations. This analysis aims to enhance understanding of geological carbon sequestration dynamics and improve site screening processes.

This paper examines the interactions between CO₂, aquifer brine, and reservoir rock in geological sequestration, specifically within deep saline aquifers. It highlights the coupled flow-mechanical effects that such interactions have on the rock's hydro-mechanical properties, which are crucial for assessing the efficiency and safety of CO₂ sequestration. The study integrates extensive experimental and numerical analyses to explore how these interactions impact reservoir behavior under various conditions.

Reviews the potential of CO₂ sequestration in saline aquifers as a strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO₂ emissions. It explores the fundamental principles and methodologies of CO₂ sequestration, including the behavior and interactions of CO₂ under various conditions and the mechanics behind its storage. The paper assesses various factors critical to effective sequestration, such as storage capacity, injectivity, and site selection, grounded in basin and reservoir characteristics along with socio-economic considerations. It outlines the methodologies employed to evaluate and ensure site suitability, which range from initial site screening and detailed characterization to pilot testing on a field scale.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the development, design, and evaluation of four pioneering CO₂ capture, transport, and storage (CCTS) chains from inland European industrial facilities. Focusing on hard-to-abate sectors such as waste treatment, pulp-and-paper production, and cement manufacturing, the study highlights the challenges faced by early adopters of CCTS technology using commercially available solutions and existing infrastructure. The analysis covers the techno-economic, environmental, and regulatory dimensions, emphasizing the significant impact of geographic location and CO₂ volumes on the performance and cost-effectiveness of these chains. The paper aims to provide a holistic set of recommendations to facilitate the deployment of CCTS by early movers, addressing both the opportunities and the challenges inherent in these pioneering efforts.

This paper addresses the critical aspects of CO₂ transportation in the context of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). It discusses the current state of transportation infrastructure, emphasizing the significant cost it represents in CCUS projects. The paper highlights the need for standardized regulations and quality specifications to transition from point-to-point transport to a more integrated system. It evaluates the challenges that hinder the development of a cohesive CO₂ transport network and explores the benefits of establishing international standards. The study also outlines an action plan to overcome these challenges, ensuring the economic viability of CCUS on a global scale.

This paper explores the economic viability of truck and rail transportation for CO₂ in the United States, challenging the traditional preference for pipelines and ships. It aims to provide a comprehensive cost analysis, filling the gap in current literature regarding these alternative transport methods. By developing bottom-up cost estimates for transporting CO₂ using tankers or intermodal containers, the study evaluates commercial technologies and practical scenarios, highlighting the overlooked aspects like buffer storage, liquefaction, and regulatory impacts. It also examines the relative costs for different distances and project scales, offering insights into when truck or rail might be more cost-effective than pipelines.

Undertakes a comprehensive review and characterization of major UK industrial clusters with an emphasis on their geographical boundaries, infrastructure, industries, and emissions levels. It also explores a detailed techno-economic assessment of potential carbon transport and storage (T&S) system costs within these clusters. Recognizing a gap in UK-specific studies, the research aims to integrate these elements to support policy development and understand the broader economic implications of carbon capture, transport, and storage systems.